Introduction
Diabetes mellitus can be called a group of diseases. The body is unable to produce enough insulin, or the body does not correctly utilize the insulin that is produced. From both of these cases, the body is not able to get glucose from the blood into cells which leads to the high sugar level in the blood.
In our blood, glucose is found, which is a form of sugar, and it is one of the primary energy sources of our body. Suppose the insulin is lacking or the body is resistant to insulin. In that case, it causes sugar to build up in the blood, which leads to different health problems.
Different diabetes types
The types of diabetes mellitus are:
Type-1 diabetes mellitus
Type-1 diabetes mellitus is a kind of autoimmune disease that means the body is attacking itself. The insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed in the above case. There has been an estimation that about 10% of individuals who have diabetes have type-1 of it. Generally, the diagnosis happens in young adults and children. It was also known as juvenile diabetes mellitus. Individuals who are dealing with type-1 diabetes mellitus, so need to take insulin every day. It is also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Type-2 diabetes mellitus
In this type, the body cannot make enough insulin, or the body cannot respond to insulin the way it should. This type is the most common diabetes type. It has been estimated that 95 percent of the individuals that have diabetes must be diabetes type-2. It seems to occur in older people or middle-aged individuals. Other common names for identifying type-2 are adult-onset diabetes mellitus and insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus. Sometimes you have also heard it from parents and grandparents by the name (having a touch of sugar).
Pre-diabetes Mellitus
This diabetes type has termed the stage before Type 2 diabetes mellitus. The glucose level is higher than average, but it is not that much higher o be counted as diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Gestational diabetes mellitus
This is a type of diabetes that develops in women during their pregnancy. Gestational diabetes mellitus is diabetes that goes away once the baby is delivered. But it should be noted that if someone has gestational diabetes mellitus, that person is at higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes mellitus later on in life.
Some less common diabetes types include:
Monogenic diabetes mellitus syndromes
It is an inherited form of Diabetes mellitus, which accounts for 4% in all cases. For example, there should be consideration of maturity-onset diabetes mellitus and neonatal diabetes mellitus.
Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes mellitus
It is a kind of Diabetes mellitus that is specific to the individuals who are dealing with that disease.
Drug or chemical induced diabetes mellitus
This type of diabetes happens after an organ transplant that follows with the treatments like HIV/AIDS treatment, and that is also associated with glucocorticoid steroid use.
Diabetes mellitus insipidus
It is a very different and rare condition that causes the kidney to produce excessive urine.
How Common is diabetes mellitus?
It has been estimated that 34.2 million individuals of all ages, about one in ten, have diabetes mellitus in the U.S.A.
Around 7.3 million adults who are age 18 or older (about 1 in 5) are unaware that they have diabetes mellitus (which is just under 3% of all U.S. adults). The number of people dealing with Diabetes mellitus is increasing with the age factor.
What are the risk factors, and who gets diabetes mellitus?
There are different risk factors for different diabetes types, which increases exposure to diabetes. Let’s see below.
Risk factors for diabetes mellitus Type-1 include
- You need to be concerned with diabetes mellitus Type-1 if your family history has some Type-1 diabetes mellitus patients.
- If the pancreas is injured which can be due to tumor, surgery, or infection.
- When there is the presence of autoantibodies that mistakenly attack the body’s organ and tissues.
- If there is physical stress which can be surgery or illness.
- If there is illness exposure which is caused by viruses.
Risk factors for Type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes Mellitus include
You should know the Family history of parents or siblings dealing with pre-diabetes Mellitus or Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- If the individual is Hispanic, Native American, Asian-American race African American, or Pacific Islander.
- If the individual is overweight.
- If the individual has high blood pressure.
- If the individual has low HDL cholesterol and high triglyceride level.
- If the person is physically inactive.
- The person’s age is 45 or older.
- If the woman has gestational diabetes mellitus or gives birth to a child weighing more than 9 pounds.
- If the person has polycystic ovary syndrome.
- If the person has a history of heart-related disease or stroke.
- If the person is a smoker.
Gestational diabetes mellitus Risk factors include
You should know the Family history of parents or siblings dealing with pre-diabetes Mellitus or Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- If the individual is Native American, Asian-American, African American, or Hispanic.
- If the person is overweight before the pregnancy.
- If the individual is over 25 years of age.
What factors cause diabetes mellitus?
The reason that why glucose level in blood is high depends on diabetes types.
Type-1 diabetes mellitus Causes
As stated before, it is an immune system disease in which an individual’s body destroys and attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Suppose insulin is not present, so it won’t be allowing glucose to enter the cells and glucose buildup in the bloodstream. Genes are also crucial in playing a role in some patients.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes Mellitus Cause
In this type, the body cells do not work in a good way to allow insulin to perform the function properly means it does not make glucose enter the body. The body’s cells of the individual become resistant to insulin. On the other hand, the pancreas can’t make enough insulin to overcome the resistance, so glucose levels rise in the bloodstream.
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Hormones that are produced by the placenta during pregnancy make body cells resistant to insulin. So, the pancreas does not make enough insulin to overcome the resistance. Glucose remains in the bloodstream.
Symptoms related to diabetes mellitus
Symptoms of Diabetes mellitus include:
- There is an increase in thirst.
- Individuals feel weak and tired.
- There is Blurred vision.
- It includes Numbness in the hands or feet.
- Sores or cuts are slowly healed.
- Weight loss without any reason.
- Urination is Frequent.
- Frequent unexplained infections.
- Dry mouth.
Other symptoms include:
- Itchy and dry skin are also frequent urinary tract infections or yeast infections in women.
- In men, decreased muscle strength.
Symptoms related to Type-1 diabetes mellitus
In this type, symptoms quickly develop which is within a few weeks or months. Symptoms can begin when the person is young, a child, a teen, or a young adult. Other symptoms are vomiting, nausea, stomach pains. There are also urinary tract infections or yeast infections.
Symptoms related to Type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes Mellitus
No significant symptoms can be noticed in this type as they develop slowly, which takes several years. It usually develops when a person is an adult, but on the other hand, Type-2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes Mellitus are high in all age groups.
Symptoms Related to Gestational diabetes mellitus
No symptoms are typically noticed. Person obstetrician will test for gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy between 24 and 28 weeks.
Complications of Diabetes mellitus
If the glucose level in blood remains high for an extended period, body organs and tissues can be damaged. Some complications can be life-threatening, which includes:
- Issues related to the heart are increased like heart attack, stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, atherosclerosis, and much more
- Damaging of nerves which causes numbing
- The kidney is damaged, which leads to kidney failure.
- There can be eye damage which leads to blindness
- There can be foot damage, poor blood flow, poor healing of cuts and sores, and nerve damage.
- Depression, dental problems, and dementia can also be caused.
Is an individual born with diabetes mellitus? Is it genetic?
No one is born with diabetes mellitus, but type-1 diabetes mellitus appears in childhood. Diabetes and Prediabetes Mellitus develop slowly with the time factor. Researchers and scientists believe that there is a crucial role of genetics in the contribution of the development of Type-1 diabetes mellitus. It can be seen that something which is involved in the environment or virus may trigger the development of diabetes.
Suppose someone has a family history related to type-1 diabetes mellitus. In that case, that person is at the risk of developing Type-1 diabetes mellitus and so on.
Conclusion
An individual can do a lot of things to prevent diabetes and diabetes types. Still, prevention can’t be applied if someone has Type-1 diabetes mellitus. Suppose any of the family members develop the symptoms of any diabetic type, so making a check to the doctor is a must. The sooner the steps are taken, the better it can be controlled.
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